All chemicals including acid, bases, salts and analytical standards were of reagent grade or higher and purchased from
Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO).
The cellulase blend Cellic CTec 2 was kindly supplied by Novozymes (Denmark).
For ethanol fermentations the S. cerevisiae strain Thermosacc Dry was kindly supplied by Lallemand (WI, USA) as an active dry preparation;
yeast extract and peptone were purchased from AMYL Media (VIC, Australia).