Before 1999, there had been a debate on the the issue of whether Section 32(1) should be regarded as a mere preamble or as enforceable preconditions. this issue was resolved by several decisions of the Supreme Count and IP Count, which held that the two conditions were indeed enforceable preconditions. It is also important to mention the following IP Count Decisions No. 784/2542 and 785/2542, where the Count outlined several issues in relation to the two conditions in Section 32(1). In Decision No.784/2542, three American publishers , McGraw-Hill, Prentice-Hill and international Thomson Publishing, were joint plaintiffs with the public prosecutor. The plaintiffs claimed that the defendant, who run a shop offering a photocopy service , infringed their copyrights on the textbooks and requested a heavy penalty to be imposed on him for copyright infringement . The defendant admitted unauthorized reproduction, but relied on the exception for research and study in Section 32(2)(1) as an agent of the students who were using the materials purely for private research and study without making profit from them.