One way that empirical articles can make theoretical contributions is to test theory. The authors of empirical articles that follow the hypothetico deductive model use theory to formulate hypotheses before testing those hypotheses with observations (Hempel, 1966; Popper, 1965). Platt (1964: 46) described the importance of theory testing in quoting the noted biologist W. A. H. Rushton, who wrote, “A theory which cannot be mortally endangered cannot be alive.” Indeed, one could argue that theory testing is particularly important in management because some of the most intuitive theories introduced in the literature wind up being un- supported by empirical research. Building on an earlier review (Miner, 1984), Miner (2003) rated the estimated scientific validity of 73 theories found in the management literature. A set of organizational behavior and strategic management scholars rated the perceived importance of the theories to the management literature, with the author rating the estimated scientific validity of each theory. Of the 73 theories identified in the review, only 25 were rated as high in scientific validity. Such results illustrate the importance of theory testing, as such testing can temper enthusiasm for appealing but invalid models.