This was the first attempt to
measure quality of service. Gronroos model was general and without offering any technique on
measuring technical and functional quality. Rust & Oliver (1994) tried to refine the Nordic model by The
Three-Component Model. They suggest three components: service product (i.e., technical quality),
service delivery (i.e., functional quality), and service environment but they did not test their model and
just a few support have been found.