The three study regions were the UNESCO
Biosphere Reserve Schorfheide-Chorin in the glacially formed lowlands
in north-eastern Germany, the National Park Hainich and
surrounding area of the Hainich-D€un in the hilly lands of central
Germany, and the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Schw€abische Alb
in the low mountain range in south-western Germany (Fig. 1).