This article contains the results of the formation of the gene pool of feed crops based on mobilization and study of the genetic resources of natural and cultivated flora, showing the significance of the expeditionary collection of economically valuable species, ecotypes, and wild flora populations and the role of the starting material created experimentally and based on biotechnological and gene engineering methods. The authors describe their selection results, briefly characterize new innovative and economically specialized varieties of feed crops, and justify their role in providing Russia with food and ecological security.