2 The papers in the literature use somewhat different ways to calculate gross trade creation. To enable comparisons, all effects have therefore been recalculated here, using the same formula. For details, please see Table 1 in the Appendix, where all studies mentioned here are also briefly summarized.
3 Besides these studies that focus on volume effects of entire preference regimes, there are other studies that investigate volume effects on specific sectors or particular products. Some papers have also started to look into the issue of export diversification – see e.g. Amurgo-Pacheco (2006), Gamberoni (2007), Wilhelmsson and Persson (2009), and Bensassi et al. (2011).