The study showed how pedagogical knowledge practices may be linked to student
outcomes (knowledge, understanding, demonstration of skills, and values and attitudes) for a
STEM education activity. For instance, “planning” involved devising a student booklet as a
resource for students to understand the tasks required of them for designing, constructing, and
testing a medical mission kit. The mathematics and science concepts were embedded in the
planned resources to aid students’ understandings of the engineering activity. However, the
degree of outcome attainment needs further investigation such as links between students’
learning of science and mathematics concepts and the teacher’s pedagogical choices. As an
implication for advancing STEM education programs, the framework (Figure 1) may be used
to evaluate teaching practices to help teachers plan more effectively for students. This
framework can assist researchers to identify the effect of pedagogical knowledge practices on
influencing student outcomes. STEM education is a relatively new field for primary education
in Australia and elsewhere, which warrants substantial investment into research on how
STEM education can elicit and verify student outcomes.