Eleven items were also developed based on the substance
dependence and abuse diagnosis of DSM-IV to test the
characteristics of smartphone addiction. Like substance addiction,
the concept of smartphone addiction as a kind of behavioral
addiction had a number of criteria similar to those of dependence
and abuse in DSM-IV. The results are presented in Table 1.There were 38 (19.3%) participants who conformed to the
diagnosis of abuse in DSM-IV, and the mean SAS score was
127.80. Nineteen (9.6%) participants conformed to the diagnosis
of dependence in DSM-IV, and the mean SAS score was 134.42.