In China, the father plays a more reserved, behind-the-scenes so cialisation
role as the implicit rule enforcer, the final voice of authority (Domino
and Hannah, 1978). The father’s authority is rarely challenged, by American
standards. The masculine trait of physical punishment is seen less often in
China. In addition, gender differences are minimised in the school set tings
(Domino and Han nah, 1978) and in the communist ideology. Hence, in
Hofstede’s (1980) terms, the Chinese can be considered as less individualistic
and more collectivist oriented, less masculine and more relationship oriented,
highly paternalistic, and with a high power distance, or acceptance of
and deference to authority.