INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEMPolicies and procedures managers use to:Protect assets.Ensure reliable accounting.Promote efficient operations.Urge adherence to company policies.C1PRINCIPLES OF INTERNAL CONTROLInternal control principles common to all companies:Establish responsibilities.Maintain adequate records.Insure assets and bond key employees.Separate recordkeeping from custody of assets.Divide responsibility for related transactions.Apply technological controls.Perform regular and independent reviews.C1TECHNOLOGY AND INTERNAL CONTROLReducedProcessingErrorsMoreExtensiveTestingof RecordsLimitedEvidence ofProcessingCrucialSeparationofDutiesIncreasedE-CommerceC1LIMITATIONS OF INTERNAL CONTROLHuman ErrorNegligenceFatigueMisjudgmentConfusionHuman FraudIntent todefeat internalcontrols forpersonal gainC1Human fraud triple-threat:Opportunity, Pressure, and Rationalization.LIMITATIONS OF INTERNAL CONTROLThe costs of internal controlsmust not exceed their benefits.CostsBenefitsC1CONTROL OF CASHAn effective system of internal control thatprotects cash and cash equivalents should meetthree basic guidelines:Handling cashis separated fromrecordkeeping ofcash.Cashdisbursementsare made bycheck.C2Cash receiptsare promptlydeposited in abank.CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS,AND LIQUIDITYCashCurrency, coins and amounts on deposit in bank accounts,checking accounts, and some savings accounts. Alsoincludes items such as customer checks, cashier checks,certified checks, and money orders.Cash EquivalentsShort-term, highly liquid investments that are:Readily convertible to known amounts of cash.Subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.