these companies (Lazonick 1991: 89).
Innovative organizations, in contrast,
secure competitive advantage by creating
cost-quality-productivity outcomes that
previously did not exist, either by
producing (providing) a superior product
(service) at a competitive cost (i.e.
product/service innovation) or a saleable
product (service) at a lower cost (i.e.
process innovation), or possibly both
(Lazonick 1991: 199).