Differences between past and ongoing traumas: Key issues for TF-CBT adaptation
There are three key issues to be recognized for TF-CBT use where there is risk for ongoing trauma to the youth. The first difference between past and ongoing traumas is the degree to which youth, their parents and therapists can realistically count on the youth’s ongoing safety. As evident in the above case example, Maya initially did not believe she was safe from future abuse; however, her therapist could realistically address these maladaptive cognitions because Maya’s current environment was no longer dangerous. When Maya experienced trauma reminders such as hearing boys at school talk like her father, she could realistically remind herself that they were not her father, and that she was safe from ongoing sexual abuse by her father. In contrast, when traumas are ongoing, the therapist needs to validate safety concerns and proactively help the youth and parent to develop realistic safety contingencies that are consistent with the individual youth’s developmental abilities and living situation
A second difference between past and ongoing traumas is often the degree to which the non-offending parent or primary caregiver (hereafter referred to as “parent”) is able to protect to the youth, and how this affects the parent’s self-view. Where a parent’s protection efficacy remains challenged, that parent’s acceptance, acknowledgment, and validation of the youth’s experiences and related problems may be similarly challenged. Although parents may feel guilt and self-blame about a youth’s previous traumas, past failure to protect or the youth’s negative behaviors, parents can also reassure themselves that they are currently protecting the youth from trauma and assuring the youth’s safety. For example, once Maya’s foster mother saw herself as a critical “protective shield” to Maya, she stopped thinking that she was a failure as a foster parent and re-focus her efforts on protecting a vulnerable youth. In contrast, parents have much greater difficulty viewing himself or herself as protecting when there is ongoing trauma. This may be particularly true for parents who make decisions that place the child in harm’s way (e.g., staying with a partner who is perpetrating domestic violence). These parents may feel guilty, ashamed, defensive about their choices, depowered by their current romantic situation, and not being in a psychological or economic position to perceive that alternative action is an option. Some of these parents minimize, invalidate or deny the youth’s traumatic experiences. Parents who are themselves experiencing ongoing trauma, or may have personal, unresolved traumatic histories, may be unavailable to support the child due to their own trauma or depressive symptoms. This can be especially challenging since, unlike other treatments, TF-CBT involves youth directly describing their personal trauma experiences and parents directly hearing these narratives from their child. Since parental support is a strong mediator of positive child outcomes during TF-CBT treatment (Cohen & Mannarino, 1996, 2000), it is critical to enhance parental engagement while addressing parental shame or self-blame.
A third difference is the degree to which youth are able to engage in perspective-taking and contextualizing. The multiple goals of narrative include mastery of learned avoidance and fear, as well as to gain more accurate cognitions and perspectives about traumatic experiences and place them within the broader context of one’s life. Due to the heightened emotional arousal and diminished cognitive and verbal functioning associated with acute trauma exposure, individuals cannot develop coherent trauma narratives during these episodes. Youth who are no longer being traumatized have the opportunity to contrast their past traumatic experiences with their current experiences of relative safety. No longer living in the trauma context allows youth to gain perspective and meaning in a reflective manner about how the past traumas have impacted their lives. Maya was able to think about her previous sexual abuse from the perspective of currently living in a safe environment where her caregiver believed and supported her. This helped her to both grieve her parents’ inability to protect her and acknowledge her hope for some form of reconciliation with them in the future—ideas that would have made her feel far too vulnerable earlier.
ความแตกต่างระหว่างอดีต และต่อเนื่องปัญหา: ปัญหารหัสชุมชนปรับตัวที่สำคัญมีประเด็นสำคัญสามเพื่อรับรู้รหัสชุมชนใช้สถานมีความเสี่ยงในการบาดเจ็บอย่างต่อเนื่องให้เยาวชน first ความแตกต่างระหว่างปัญหาที่ผ่านมา และต่อเนื่องเป็นปริญญาที่เยาวชน พ่อแม่ของพวกเขา และนักบำบัดสามารถจริงนับของเยาวชนอย่างต่อเนื่องเพื่อความปลอดภัย เป็นที่เห็นได้ชัดอย่างกรณีข้างต้น มายาเริ่มไม่เชื่อเธอปลอดภัยจากการละเมิดสิทธิในอนาคต อย่างไรก็ตาม บำบัดโรคของเธออาจจริง cognitions maladaptive เหล่านี้เนื่องจากสภาพแวดล้อมปัจจุบันของมายาไม่อันตราย เมื่อ Maya มีประสบการณ์ เตือนบาดเจ็บเช่นได้ยินชายโรงเรียนพูดเหมือนพ่อของเธอ เธอจริงสามารถเตือนตัวเองว่า ไม่ใช่พ่อของเธอ และว่า เธอปลอดภัยจากการล่วงละเมิดทางเพศอย่างต่อเนื่อง โดยพ่อของเธอ ในทางตรงกันข้าม เมื่อปัญหาอย่างต่อเนื่อง ผู้บำบัดต้องตรวจสอบความปลอดภัยความกังวล และช่วยให้เยาวชนและหลักการพัฒนา contingencies ปลอดภัยจริงที่สอดคล้องกับความสามารถในการพัฒนาและสถานการณ์ชีวิตของเยาวชนแต่ละ วันนี้A second difference between past and ongoing traumas is often the degree to which the non-offending parent or primary caregiver (hereafter referred to as “parent”) is able to protect to the youth, and how this affects the parent’s self-view. Where a parent’s protection efficacy remains challenged, that parent’s acceptance, acknowledgment, and validation of the youth’s experiences and related problems may be similarly challenged. Although parents may feel guilt and self-blame about a youth’s previous traumas, past failure to protect or the youth’s negative behaviors, parents can also reassure themselves that they are currently protecting the youth from trauma and assuring the youth’s safety. For example, once Maya’s foster mother saw herself as a critical “protective shield” to Maya, she stopped thinking that she was a failure as a foster parent and re-focus her efforts on protecting a vulnerable youth. In contrast, parents have much greater difficulty viewing himself or herself as protecting when there is ongoing trauma. This may be particularly true for parents who make decisions that place the child in harm’s way (e.g., staying with a partner who is perpetrating domestic violence). These parents may feel guilty, ashamed, defensive about their choices, depowered by their current romantic situation, and not being in a psychological or economic position to perceive that alternative action is an option. Some of these parents minimize, invalidate or deny the youth’s traumatic experiences. Parents who are themselves experiencing ongoing trauma, or may have personal, unresolved traumatic histories, may be unavailable to support the child due to their own trauma or depressive symptoms. This can be especially challenging since, unlike other treatments, TF-CBT involves youth directly describing their personal trauma experiences and parents directly hearing these narratives from their child. Since parental support is a strong mediator of positive child outcomes during TF-CBT treatment (Cohen & Mannarino, 1996, 2000), it is critical to enhance parental engagement while addressing parental shame or self-blame.A third difference is the degree to which youth are able to engage in perspective-taking and contextualizing. The multiple goals of narrative include mastery of learned avoidance and fear, as well as to gain more accurate cognitions and perspectives about traumatic experiences and place them within the broader context of one’s life. Due to the heightened emotional arousal and diminished cognitive and verbal functioning associated with acute trauma exposure, individuals cannot develop coherent trauma narratives during these episodes. Youth who are no longer being traumatized have the opportunity to contrast their past traumatic experiences with their current experiences of relative safety. No longer living in the trauma context allows youth to gain perspective and meaning in a reflective manner about how the past traumas have impacted their lives. Maya was able to think about her previous sexual abuse from the perspective of currently living in a safe environment where her caregiver believed and supported her. This helped her to both grieve her parents’ inability to protect her and acknowledge her hope for some form of reconciliation with them in the future—ideas that would have made her feel far too vulnerable earlier.
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