.1
Bottom-up listening
In
the
book
written
by
Richards
(1994
:
59),
The Language Teaching
Matrix
, there are examples of exercises that involve bottom-up listening which
will
develop
the
learners’
ability
to
achieve
the
listening
skills.
For
example,
the learners are able to retain input while it is being processed, to recognize
word division, to recognize key words in utterances, to recognize key transitions
in a discourse and to use knowledge of word-order patterns to identify
constituents
in
utterance.
In
addition,
they
are
more
likely
to
recognize
grammatical relations between key elements in sentences, to recognize the
function of words stress in sentences as well as to recognize the function of