2. CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
2.1. Marketing Mix
Professor "Jerome McCarthy" marketing mix early 1960s proposed consisting of four main factors
(product, price, place and promotion) that each of factors contains multiple activities. Marketing mix can
be called "a set of tools intervention in the market” (Horovitz, 2003). Four marketing tool is set in term of
marketing executives. Perhaps the consumer's perspective is different from a marketing perspective. So
4p from perspective of customers is 4c. 4c include customer value, cost, convenience, communication.
Accordingly, if a marketer be in position of product sales, customers in shopping at is the "value" or