structural and technological dualism in agriculture another obstacle is the inherent structural and technological dualism of asean agriculture with its small-landholding subsector producing primarily food (rice) and feed grains(corn) and the large-scale landholders producing cash crops mostly for export
in the event that complete liberalization takes place the small-scale subsector could be left behide while increased competition propels the latter to greater efficiency and productivity thereby exacerbating income disparity and social problems thus trade liberalization may hurt the agro-industry and the livelihood of small farmers this partly explains the exclusion of rice from immediately tariff reduction under the asean free trade area afta cept scheme