Different waste treatment options for municipal solid waste have been studied in a systems analysis. Different combinations of
incineration, materials recycling of separated plastic and cardboard containers, and biological treatment (anaerobic digestion and
composting) of biodegradable waste, were studied and compared to landfilling. The evaluation covered use of energy resources,
environmental impact and financial and environmental costs. In the study, a calculation model (Orware) based on methodology
from life cycle assessment (LCA) was used. Case studies were performed in three Swedish municipalities: Uppsala, Stockholm,
and A¨ lvdalen