Top-down' models of reading were popular from the 1970s, the most frequently cited example of this approach being Goodman (1967): 'Reading: A Psycholinguistic Guessing Game'. In classroom practice, this widely replaced the 'bottom-up' models that had been in use, and in which the reader deals with letters, words, and sentences in rank order, each step depending on the preceding one (see for example Gough 1972). Top-down models assume that the reader interrogates the text rather than processing it completely, getting meaning by comparing expectations to a sample of information from the text.