The redundancy effect refers to the phenomenon in instruction where learning is hindered when additional information is presented to learners compared to the presentation of less information. It can take one of two forms. First, when identical information is given in two or more forms such as pictures and words or text in both written and audio form. If one of these forms is redundant, then eliminating it may enhance learning. Second, when additional information is given in order to enhance or elaborate information, for example, a full text and a summarized text. If the elaborations in the full text are redundant, then the elimination of the additional information may result in enhanced learning.