In principle, KM criteria must be guided by an organization's goals, and bottom-line results such as business performance and profitability. However, the research findings discussed above revealed that KM efforts result in soft measures, which are not directly tied to end results. These results also imply that KM outcomes are difficult to measure. Further, all of them are people-related factors, which emphasize the importance of KM leadership's people-related role in directing KM efforts successfully.