The primary independent variable was attendance at ANC clinic (yes vs. no) at the time of the survey. We conceptualized ANC clinics as a key resource for pregnant women to attain knowledge regarding health and nutrition. Based on our review of the literature and evidence from a systematic review of factors affecting the utilization of antenatal care in developing countries [20], we further identified maternal, household, and villagelevel factors that would confound the association between ANC utilization and nutrition and health KAP(Figure 1). Increased uptake and coverage of ANC has been previously associated with higher maternal age, lower parity,higher maternal educational level, and higher socio-economic status [7,14,21-23].