3 The authors acknowledge that the independent variable could not be fully controlled. As an SOA, GAFE’s interface differs slightly depending on platform, browser, and user customization, including acceptance of new updates. While a single platform, browser, and configuration was modeled during face-to-face instruction, the authors could not control how users interacted with GAFE outside of class. Indeed, this flexibility is one of GAFE’s affordances. The authors asked survey questions to determine which browser and platform students used in an attempt to provide some controls.