for though the development of economic rationalism is partly dependent on rational technique and law, it is at the same time determined by the ability and disposition of men to adopt certain types of practical rational conduct. when these types have been obstructed by spiritual obstacles, the development of rational economic conduct has also met serious inner resistance. the magiocal and religious forces, and the ethical ideas of duty based upon them, have in the past always been among the most important formative influences on conduct. in the studies collected here we shall by concerned with these forces.