2. Illegal bottom trawl fishing
2.1. Origin of bottom trawl fishing
In 1929, the Japanese government permitted two kinds of bottom trawl fishing based on the geographic areas in the coastal waters of Japan and in international waters. The Japanese government restricted bottom trawl fishing by regulating “No Fishing Zones” in the coastal waters of Japan, however, promoted bottom trawl fishing in other nations' waters, such as in Korean waters and in the East China Sea. The Japanese Government-General of Korea permitted 200 bottom trawl vessels in Korean waters. Although there is no data on bottom trawl vessels at that time, many assume that the size of these vessels were about 20 gross tonnage (GT).
During the Japanese colonial period, Korean fishermen were poor and had no ability to operate bottom trawl vessels with high-capacity engines, although they envied the Japanese fleet, which operated in the coastal waters of Korea. Therefore, after liberalization from Japan, Korean fishermen started bottom trawl fishing, which was modeled for them during the Japanese colonial rule.
2.2. 1953 Fisheries law
In 1953, the Korean government enacted the “Fisheries Act,” which permitted motor vessels between 30 and 50 GT with engines between 70 and 120 H.P. as legal trawl vessels, which could fish in off-shore waters. Also, the law permitted a total of 190 limited licenses and regulated “No Fishing Zones” in the coastal waters of Korea, all of which were important habitat and spawning grounds. The limited license (Joeng-Han-Soo) regulation was a system that limited the maximum number of licenses per fishery to prevent overfishing and excessive inter-fisheries competition [11]. Therefore, the “Fisheries Act” made the operation of bottom trawl fishing vessels of less than 30 GT illegal. Over the last 50 years, the Korean government revised the “Fisheries Act” several times, and currently bottom trawl vessels of less than 20 GT are illegal.
2.3. Growth of illegal bottom trawl fishing
Most small bottom trawl vessels were built easily and quickly using fiber reinforced plastics (FRPs) or wood in small shipbuilding yards. Therefore, almost anybody could easily build the bottom trawl vessels to join the fishery. Illegal bottom trawl fishing used nets with small mesh sizes and caught all fish species, including young fry (Fig. 1). It is estimated that about 75–80% of the total catch by illegal bottom trawl vessels were fry [12]. In addition, illegal bottom trawl vessels usually fished by dragging the nets along the sandy or muddy bottom, which adversely impacted the marine environment and habitat.
2. Illegal bottom trawl fishing2.1. Origin of bottom trawl fishingIn 1929, the Japanese government permitted two kinds of bottom trawl fishing based on the geographic areas in the coastal waters of Japan and in international waters. The Japanese government restricted bottom trawl fishing by regulating “No Fishing Zones” in the coastal waters of Japan, however, promoted bottom trawl fishing in other nations' waters, such as in Korean waters and in the East China Sea. The Japanese Government-General of Korea permitted 200 bottom trawl vessels in Korean waters. Although there is no data on bottom trawl vessels at that time, many assume that the size of these vessels were about 20 gross tonnage (GT).During the Japanese colonial period, Korean fishermen were poor and had no ability to operate bottom trawl vessels with high-capacity engines, although they envied the Japanese fleet, which operated in the coastal waters of Korea. Therefore, after liberalization from Japan, Korean fishermen started bottom trawl fishing, which was modeled for them during the Japanese colonial rule.2.2. 1953 Fisheries lawIn 1953, the Korean government enacted the “Fisheries Act,” which permitted motor vessels between 30 and 50 GT with engines between 70 and 120 H.P. as legal trawl vessels, which could fish in off-shore waters. Also, the law permitted a total of 190 limited licenses and regulated “No Fishing Zones” in the coastal waters of Korea, all of which were important habitat and spawning grounds. The limited license (Joeng-Han-Soo) regulation was a system that limited the maximum number of licenses per fishery to prevent overfishing and excessive inter-fisheries competition [11]. Therefore, the “Fisheries Act” made the operation of bottom trawl fishing vessels of less than 30 GT illegal. Over the last 50 years, the Korean government revised the “Fisheries Act” several times, and currently bottom trawl vessels of less than 20 GT are illegal.
2.3. Growth of illegal bottom trawl fishing
Most small bottom trawl vessels were built easily and quickly using fiber reinforced plastics (FRPs) or wood in small shipbuilding yards. Therefore, almost anybody could easily build the bottom trawl vessels to join the fishery. Illegal bottom trawl fishing used nets with small mesh sizes and caught all fish species, including young fry (Fig. 1). It is estimated that about 75–80% of the total catch by illegal bottom trawl vessels were fry [12]. In addition, illegal bottom trawl vessels usually fished by dragging the nets along the sandy or muddy bottom, which adversely impacted the marine environment and habitat.
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