Christopher (1998) suggested that while there are many
indicators of performance that can be deployed in an
organization, there are a relatively small number of critical
dimensions that contribute more than proportionally to
success or failure in the market, which he named key
performance indicators (KPI). According to Bunte et al.
(1998) (in marketing), performance indicators should relate
to both effectiveness and efficiency of the supply chain and its
actors. Van der Vorst (2000) (in logistics) makes a distinction
between performance indicators on three main levels: