expenditure to immigration will vary depending upon the composition of public
spending and in particular on its redistributiveness and on the extent of rivalry in
consumption. Immigration not only has the potential to generate costs through the
consumption of public services by immigrants themselves but can also affect the
costliness of provision to natives. Viewed in a dynamic context, immigration can also
alter the calculus of public sector finances through its impact on the age structure of
the population and through the timing of immigration in the immigrant life span.