Surveillance consists of regular scheduled visits to villages (active surveillance) and reporting of suspected HPAI
outbreaks in villages (passive surveillance), where sick poultry are examined and tested for HPAI with Influenza
A rapid antigen tests (Anigen©Influenza A test, Animal Genetics Incorporated) (Azhar et al., 2009; Loth et al.,
2011). A HPAI case is defined as a village with poultry displaying clinical signs consistent with HPAI and
at least one bird tests positive for H5N1 (Azhar et al., 2009). According to this data, the village attack rate
in Bali (number of villages reporting H5N1 in S4 poultry/total number of villages) was 12.74% (92/722) in 2009
and 28.26% (204/722) in 2007 (PDSR, unpublished data,
2010).