Thus, the observed practices of project teachers and the negative views of Finnish classroom
teaching espoused by the teacher educators seemed more in accord with the modest performance
of Finnish students on TIMSS than their successes on PISA. In other words, the
evidence presented above suggests that assumptions, typically made by policy-makers and
promoted by the world’s press, associating PISA success with pedagogical quality seem
misguided. Therefore, if Finnish classroom interactions are unlikely to explain Finnish PISA