Data Analysis
After transcribing the interviews, the data were analyzed for ―significant
statements, sentences, or quotes that provided an understanding of how the participants
experienced the phenomenon‖ (Creswell, 2007, p. 25). Moustakas (1994) stated that
through repeated reflection the phenomenal experience becomes more clarified, and
expanded in meaning. Moustakas (1994) defined this data analysis procedure as
horizontalization. He advises the researcher to list each relevant expression of the
phenomenon, also known as invariant constituents identifying themes that capture an
element of the phenomenon that supports in understanding the involvement and the
ability to label the expression (Moustakas, 1994). Expressions that were not clearly and
plainly articulated or communicated were eliminated and not included in the coding
structure. Noteworthy themes and statements were used to write a thick description of
what the participants experienced, which Creswell (2007) described as textural and
structural descriptions. The last step in the data analysis process was developed to
establish the fundamentals of the phenomenon through a combined description that
Creswell described as the essential invariant structure. This process focuses on the
participants‘ common experiences related to the phenomenon of their experiences. I
provided each participant a transcribed copy of their interview and asked each informant
to read over the transcription and make any necessary corrections and or updates. I
verified any inconsistencies and asked for further information or clarification, as needed.
I looked for discrepancies and asked for more detailed information, and explored how it
strengthened my research to allow triangulation (Merriam, 1998; Yin, 2003). As
described earlier, I conducted face-to-face /or telephone meetings with participants
Data Analysis
After transcribing the interviews, the data were analyzed for ―significant
statements, sentences, or quotes that provided an understanding of how the participants
experienced the phenomenon‖ (Creswell, 2007, p. 25). Moustakas (1994) stated that
through repeated reflection the phenomenal experience becomes more clarified, and
expanded in meaning. Moustakas (1994) defined this data analysis procedure as
horizontalization. He advises the researcher to list each relevant expression of the
phenomenon, also known as invariant constituents identifying themes that capture an
element of the phenomenon that supports in understanding the involvement and the
ability to label the expression (Moustakas, 1994). Expressions that were not clearly and
plainly articulated or communicated were eliminated and not included in the coding
structure. Noteworthy themes and statements were used to write a thick description of
what the participants experienced, which Creswell (2007) described as textural and
structural descriptions. The last step in the data analysis process was developed to
establish the fundamentals of the phenomenon through a combined description that
Creswell described as the essential invariant structure. This process focuses on the
participants‘ common experiences related to the phenomenon of their experiences. I
provided each participant a transcribed copy of their interview and asked each informant
to read over the transcription and make any necessary corrections and or updates. I
verified any inconsistencies and asked for further information or clarification, as needed.
I looked for discrepancies and asked for more detailed information, and explored how it
strengthened my research to allow triangulation (Merriam, 1998; Yin, 2003). As
described earlier, I conducted face-to-face /or telephone meetings with participants
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