Redundancy Effect: Simultaneous presentations of similar (redundant) content must be avoided. Avoid words as narrations and identical text with graphics.
Redundancy Effect: when the same information is presented more than once the multiple processing is negative for comprehension since it increases external cognitive load. If novices can benefit from partially redundant information (integrated text and picture for example), expert's performances can be impaired . These six first effects try to minimize extraneous cognitive load (to reduce the number of cognitive processes involved that are unnecessary for learning).