Closely related is the tendency for actors and observers to offer divergent attributions for the same actions and outcomes (Jones & Nisbett, 1972)—with observers attributing actions and outcomes to inferred stable dispositions that the actors themselves attribute to situational factors, including specific goals and obstacles or constraints blocking the achievement of those goals. Other phenomena in which naïve realism can be expected to play a role include overconfident social predictions (Dunning, Griffin, Milojkovic, & Ross, 1990) and the failure to give assessments and judgments by one's peers as much weight as one's own.