3.4. Texture properties of cooked noodle
The texture of cooked noodles is the most critical characteristic that determines consumer acceptance of the product (Hormdok & Noomhorm, 2007). The texture of noodle was reported to be related to the shape of the water content profile and the water content at the center of the noodle. The lower the water content at the center, the higher the firmness (Gonzalez et al., 2000 and Irie et al., 2004). However, despite the water content at the center of cooked rice noodle with NaCl being slightly lower than that without NaCl at 4 min (Fig. 2), the tensile strength of the noodle decreased with increased NaCl (Table 2). This suggests that there would be other factors beside the water content profile that powerfully affected the texture of the cooked rice noodle. The tensile strength (the force when the noodle is torn) represents the strength of the starch network in the noodle (Seib, Liang, Guan, Liang, & Yang, 2000). The hardness and tensile strength of rice noodle increases mainly during the ageing step due to starch retrogradation (Satmalee & Charoenrein, 2009). Furthermore, Yu, Ma, and Sun (2009) reported that the increase in starch retrogradation was positively correlated with the increase in the hardness of cooked rice. Therefore, the decrease in the tensile strength of cooked rice noodle with NaCl may be attributed to the disturbance by NaCl to the starch retrogradation. This may be partially supported by the smaller size of starch lumps in the noodle with NaCl as shown in Fig. 2B. The decrease in the hardness of starchy gels due to the disruption by NaCl of starch retrogradation was reported by many researchers. Wang, Hong, and Gu (2015) reported that the hardness of freeze-thawed tapioca starch gels with NaCl was lower than the control (without NaCl) because NaCl retards the retrogradation of tapioca starch as shown in the lower degree of retrogradation from the DSC results. Katsuka (1998) also reported that the hardening rate of rice starch gel with NaCl measured by a Creep meter was lower than the control (without NaCl). NaCl impeded the retrogradation of rich starch via decreased water mobility in the starch-water system, resulting in the lower association of the starch chains. The hardness of the potato starch gel stored at 4 °C for 24 h was reported to be decreased with increased NaCl (Chen, Wang, Leng, Zhao, & Zhao, 2014) because the electrostatic repulsion between the phosphate group in the potato starch and the salt.
 
3.4 3.4. Texture properties of cooked noodle
The texture of cooked noodles is the most critical characteristic that determines consumer acceptance of the product (Hormdok & Noomhorm, 2007). The texture of noodle was reported to be related to the shape of the water content profile and the water content at the center of the noodle. The lower the water content at the center, the higher the firmness (Gonzalez et al., 2000 and Irie et al., 2004). However, despite the water content at the center of cooked rice noodle with NaCl being slightly lower than that without NaCl at 4 min (Fig. 2), the tensile strength of the noodle decreased with increased NaCl (Table 2). This suggests that there would be other factors beside the water content profile that powerfully affected the texture of the cooked rice noodle. The tensile strength (the force when the noodle is torn) represents the strength of the starch network in the noodle (Seib, Liang, Guan, Liang, & Yang, 2000). The hardness and tensile strength of rice noodle increases mainly during the ageing step due to starch retrogradation (Satmalee & Charoenrein, 2009). Furthermore, Yu, Ma, and Sun (2009) reported that the increase in starch retrogradation was positively correlated with the increase in the hardness of cooked rice. Therefore, the decrease in the tensile strength of cooked rice noodle with NaCl may be attributed to the disturbance by NaCl to the starch retrogradation. This may be partially supported by the smaller size of starch lumps in the noodle with NaCl as shown in Fig. 2B. The decrease in the hardness of starchy gels due to the disruption by NaCl of starch retrogradation was reported by many researchers. Wang, Hong, and Gu (2015) reported that the hardness of freeze-thawed tapioca starch gels with NaCl was lower than the control (without NaCl) because NaCl retards the retrogradation of tapioca starch as shown in the lower degree of retrogradation from the DSC results. Katsuka (1998) also reported that the hardening rate of rice starch gel with NaCl measured by a Creep meter was lower than the control (without NaCl). NaCl impeded the retrogradation of rich starch via decreased water mobility in the starch-water system, resulting in the lower association of the starch chains. The hardness of the potato starch gel stored at 4 °C for 24 h was reported to be decreased with increased NaCl (Chen, Wang, Leng, Zhao, & Zhao, 2014) because the electrostatic repulsion between the phosphate group in the potato starch and the salt.
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