effect, the dividend expectation model is applied only to stock/quarters where cash dividends are announced at least eleven trading days preceding or following the earnings announcement in the same quarter. The market model is then used to determine whether stockholders realized abnormal returns in the days surrounding these quarterly dividend and earnings announcements. Abnormal returns, E'i, for frm j on day i are estimated as the difference between the actual return on day i and the return predicted from the market model