In the simulation, an axially symmetric finite element model is
used to reduce the total number of elements and computational
time because of geometrical symmetry, thermal boundary conditions
and loading. Uniform shapes and forms of elements play a
significant role in providing accurate results. Therefore, the meshing
of the piston, rings, bond coat and coating is achieved with a
second-order couple field (thermal-stress) element with eight
nodes in such a way that it can support irregular shapes without
losing too much accuracy