Researchers have used Scott and Lyman's accounts to analyze deviant's explanations for their behavior in a variety of contexts. Kalab studied accounts used by college students who did not attend class by analyzing the notes they were requested to turn in following an absence. She found that most student's explanations for their absences were excuses; they acknowledged that absence was deviant but reported that something beyond their control (such as illness) prevented them from coming to class. Ray and Simons used accounts to analyze the explanations convicted murderers gave for their crimes, and they also found a preponderance of excuses . Like Kalab, they found that most of their informants accepted the normative expectations for behavior (i.e., they agreed that what they did was deviant) and therefore felt compelled to excuse their behavior by attributing the murders to accident, intoxication, or stress. in contrast, Scully and Marolla's research on convicted rapists revealed a preponderance of justifications. they found that some rapists viewed their behavior as criminal and made excuses for their behavior, but most justified what they did on the grounds that the behavior was appropriate, acceptable, and/or deserved. Scully and Marolla noted that these accounts allowed 83 percent of their research subjects(who were incarcerated for the crime of repe) to view themselves as nonrapists.