We said that a critical step in applying TRA/TPB/IBM is to conduct open-ended elicitation interviews to identify relevant behavioral outcomes, referents, and environmental facilitators and barriers for each particular behavior and population under
investigation. The formative phase of intervention projects is a good time to conduct these interviews. Elicitation interviews should be conducted with a sample of at
least fifteen to twenty individuals from each target group, about half of whom have
performed or intend to perform the behavior under investigation and half of whom
have not performed the behavior.
When interviewed, people should be asked to provide four types of information:
1. Positive or negative feelings about performing the behavior (experiential attitude or affect)
2. Positive or negative attributes or outcomes of performing the behavior (behavioral beliefs)
3. Individuals or groups to whom they might listen who are in favor of or opposed to their performing the behavior (normative referents)
4. Situational or environmental facilitators and barriers that make the behavior
easy or difficult to perform (control beliefs and self-efficacy)
Table 4.2 provides examples of questions that should systematically be asked of
all individuals interviewed. It is important to probe for both negative and positive responses to each question. Interviewing fifteen to twenty individuals is a minimum.
Ideally, elicitation interviews should be continued until “saturation,” when no new
responses are elicited. The process is described in detail by Middlestadt and colleagues (1996) and in a special supplement issue of the journal,
AIDS,
that summarizes formative research including elicitation interviews done in Zimbabwe prior to
the National Institute of Mental Health HIV/STD Prevention Trial (NIMH, 2007a).
Elicitation interviews, then, are content-analyzed to identify relevant behavioral
attributes or outcomes, normative referents, and facilitators and barriers. This information then provides questionnaire content, and TRA/TPB/IBM measures are developed. Measures should capture interviewees’ language as much as possible so that
questions resonate with the issues raised. A poorly conducted elicitation phase will
likely result in inadequate identification of the relevant issues, poor IBM measures,
and thus poor behavioral prediction, ultimately providing inadequate information for
the development of effective behavior change interventions
We said that a critical step in applying TRA/TPB/IBM is to conduct open-ended elicitation interviews to identify relevant behavioral outcomes, referents, and environmental facilitators and barriers for each particular behavior and population underinvestigation. The formative phase of intervention projects is a good time to conduct these interviews. Elicitation interviews should be conducted with a sample of atleast fifteen to twenty individuals from each target group, about half of whom haveperformed or intend to perform the behavior under investigation and half of whomhave not performed the behavior.When interviewed, people should be asked to provide four types of information:1. Positive or negative feelings about performing the behavior (experiential attitude or affect)2. Positive or negative attributes or outcomes of performing the behavior (behavioral beliefs)3. Individuals or groups to whom they might listen who are in favor of or opposed to their performing the behavior (normative referents)4. Situational or environmental facilitators and barriers that make the behavioreasy or difficult to perform (control beliefs and self-efficacy)Table 4.2 provides examples of questions that should systematically be asked ofall individuals interviewed. It is important to probe for both negative and positive responses to each question. Interviewing fifteen to twenty individuals is a minimum.Ideally, elicitation interviews should be continued until “saturation,” when no newresponses are elicited. The process is described in detail by Middlestadt and colleagues (1996) and in a special supplement issue of the journal,AIDS,that summarizes formative research including elicitation interviews done in Zimbabwe prior tothe National Institute of Mental Health HIV/STD Prevention Trial (NIMH, 2007a).Elicitation interviews, then, are content-analyzed to identify relevant behavioralattributes or outcomes, normative referents, and facilitators and barriers. This information then provides questionnaire content, and TRA/TPB/IBM measures are developed. Measures should capture interviewees’ language as much as possible so thatquestions resonate with the issues raised. A poorly conducted elicitation phase willlikely result in inadequate identification of the relevant issues, poor IBM measures,and thus poor behavioral prediction, ultimately providing inadequate information forthe development of effective behavior change interventions
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