In our empirical work with the MSLQ, we have developed two scales that reflect
behavioral control, one we call effort regulation and the other regulating time and study
environment (see Appendix A). Students respond to these items using the same response scale
as the other items on the MSLQ (see above). These items have only been used in the college
samples and studies with the MSLQ. College students do have much more autonomy and
freedom in terms of their time use and where they study in comparison to middle and high school
students. Younger students are often much more regulated externally by teachers, parents, or
just the structure of the school day in K-12 settings in contrast to college settings. Accordingly,
we only have data on these scales with college students.