To hold that animals communicate by systems qualitatively different from human language systems is not to claim human superiority. Humans are not inferior to the one-called amoeba because they cannot reproduce by splitting in two; thay are just different sexually. They are not inferior to hunting dogs, whose sense of smell of smell is far better than that of human animals. As we will discuss in the next chapter, the humen language ability is rooted in the humen brain, just as the communication systems of other species are determined by their biological structure. All the studies of animal communication systems, including those of primates, provide evidence for Descartes' distinction between other animal communication sustems and the linguistic creative ability possessed by the human animal.