In 1977, NASA began building a fleet of four reusable space shuttles. For the Shuttle program, NASA increased outsourcing to private industry. With management decentralized, some centers returned to their pre-Apollo technical culture. Project managers for certain elements of the Shuttle program felt more accountable to their center than to the Shuttle program.13 Vital program information frequently bypassed the Shuttle Program Manager, who lacked the authority to compel the information-sharing necessary for decision-making. Preoccupied with controlling costs on the Shuttle, NASA resisted advancing technology, streamlined management, and adopted commercial-style business practices. The most experienced Center engineers, those who had built the Apollo spacecraft, became involved more with integration and contractor oversight and less with design. With government workers overseeing contractors’ every move, NASA developed an aversion to risk.