The X-ray diffraction (XRD) of biosurfactant was performed on a
Rigaku SmartLab XRD-6000 X-ray diffractometer (The Woodlands,
TX, USA) with Cu Ka radiation (k = 0.15418 nm) at 40 kV
and 30 mA. The angle was set to 10–70 at 4/min. The 1H NMR
spectra of the biosurfactant in dimethyl sulfoxide-d6 were
obtained on a Bruker 500 MHz NMR spectrometer (Rheinstetten,
Karlsruhe, Germany) at 25 C with 5000–5200 accumulations,
pulse duration 5.9 micros, acquisition time 1.2 ls, and relaxation
delay 6 ls.