Patients with intractable epilepsy who are not suit-able for epilepsy surgery or those who continue to
neurostimulation. This treatment option for patients
with intractable epilepsy involves electrical stimula-tion of the nervous system using surgically implanted
devices, or non-invasive stimulation as is the case for
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS).
Vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) therapy is the only
neurostimulation method to have received approval
by the USA Food and Drug Administration, whilst
both VNS and deep brain stimulation (DBS) are
approved for use in patients with refractory epilepsy
in the UK