Some intriguing leads for future research are also given by the interactions involving measures of family attachment and moral beliefs. As a moderator of the relationship between gender and underage drinking, family attachment partially explains the greater prevalence of underage drinking among adolescent men. Strong family attachment seems to bring with it a double standard that discourages underage drinking among women but not men. At the other end of the scale, young women who are less tightly bonded to their families appear to be as free to drink as are young men in general. Thus, adding a feminist twist to the predictions of bonding theory, this finding suggests that paternalistic norms and controls give special force to the constraints of family attachment on the decisions of young women to begin drinking. However, the absence of gender differences or gender-related interactions for the Q-F scale indicates that paternalistic controls are less salient once young women actually start to drink (as well as become older).