The questionnaire comprises two major sections. The first captures the main
independent variables that examine the factors potentially associated with the
non-occurrence of fraud in organizations. The study’s dependent variable was a
dichotomous variable that took a value of 1 if an organization had never experienced
fraud and 0 otherwise. Factor analysis with principal component extraction using
varimax rotation was first conducted to confirm whether the questions under each
of the four independent variables, namely, “audit committee effectiveness,”
The second
part of the questionnaire asked the respondents for basic demographic information.
A number of pre-tests were carried out on the questionnaire, and as the results were
found to be satisfactory, ambiguity was not a concern. Hence, the questionnaire is
considered to have a high degree of content validity (Cavana et al., 2001).