We found no evidence that larger body size confers an advantage
in male contests, despite high levels of aggression and escalated encounters. However, both the height of
the casque (head ornament) and relative area of the flank patch were positively associated with fighting
ability, and not correlated with each other, suggesting that they may represent independent sources of information
about an opponent’s ability.We discuss these results in relation to the role of male contest competition
in the evolution of multiple male signals and sexual dimorphism in dwarf chameleons. In
addition, we show that the use of tournament designs, in conjunction with the structured Bradley–Terry
model, has important advantages over traditional designs and methods of analysing animal contests.