The Fibonacci sequence (Fn) is defined by F0 = 0, F1 = F2 = 1 and Fn = Fn−1 + Fn−2 for
n ≥ 2. Fn is called the nth Fibonacci number. Fibonacci numbers for negative subscripts are
defined as F−n = (−1)n+1Fn for n ≥ 1. It is well known that Fn+1 = Fn + Fn−1 for every
n ∈ Z. The Lucas sequence (Ln) is defined as L0 = 2, L1 = 1 and Ln = Ln−1 + Ln−2
for n ≥ 2. Ln is called the nth Lucas number. Lucas numbers for negative subscripts are
defined as L−n = (−1)nLn. It can be seen that Ln = Fn+1 + Fn−1 for every n ∈ Z. It is well
known that Fn = (α
n − β
n
) /
√
5 and Ln = α
n + β
n
for every n ∈ Z where α =
1 + √
5
/2
and β =
1 −
√
5
/2 are the roots of the polynomial x
2 − x − 1. These are known as Binet’s
Formula. It is well known that for the matrix