In addition, patterns of dyadic interaction and regulation in early development can entrain excitatory and inhibitory processes in the brain that underlie the child’s capacity for arousal modulation. Thus. regulatory patterns originating in the dyadic caregiving relationship may influence the child’s emergent competence across multiple levels of adaptation (Sroufe.1995). According to attachment theory ,securely attached individuals are expected to exhibit adaptive affect- regulation strategies, such as cognitive or behavioral coping methods and social support seeking to effectively manage negative affect states (Schaffer,1993). In contrast, individuals with insecure attachments are expected to engage in maladaptive affect-regulation strategies, including deliberate self-harm, substance abuse, and social isolation (Cooper. Shaver, &Collins, 1998).