Inflation outlook
Global inflation remains tame, although inflation rates are still elevated in about a dozen developing countries and economies in transition, and some developed economies in the euro area are facing the risk of deflation. For the outlook period, global average inflation is projected to stay close to the level observed in the past two years, which was about 3 per cent. However, the trends at the subregional level vary. While average inflation for developed economies is estimated to have increased from 1.3 per cent in 2013 to 1.5 per cent in 2014 (mainly owing to the higher inflation in Japan), inflation in the EU is estimated to have decreased from 1.5 per cent in 2013 to 0.7 per cent in 2014 because of the sizeable output gap, the weakness of the recovery, and the strength of regional currencies until mid- 2014. A fall into deflation is considered a downside risk for several euro area countries; if persistent, deflation may lead to greater reluctance by households and businesses to increase their current spending, thus weakening aggregate demand.
The average inflation rate for the economies in transition is estimated to have increased by 1.8 percentage points in 2014, with the increase in average inflation in the CIS countries more than offsetting the 3 percentage-point drop in inflation in the South-Eastern European countries. The significant depreciation of currencies for many CIS members played an important role in the acceleration of inflation in 2014. Regional inflation is predicted to be 8.1 per cent in 2014, but will decline to 7.4 per cent and 5.7 per cent in 2015 and 2016, respectively.
Average inflation for developing economies will fall slowly over the outlook period. In Africa, inflation will decline to 6.8 per cent in 2016, owing to increasingly prudent monetary policies as well as moderating import prices. While inflation for East Asia will stay around the recent levels of 2–3 per cent over the outlook period, a pronounced decrease is forecast for South Asia due to falling inflation in almost all countries, especially in India and the Islamic Republic of Iran. Regional average inflation for South Asia is projected to decrease gradually from 14.7 per cent in 2013 to 7.2 per cent in 2016. In Western Asia, inflationary pressures have been well contained, with the exception of the Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey and Yemen. Those three countries are expected to face close to or higher than 10 per cent inflation over the outlook period and push the regional inflation rate from 4.4 per cent in 2013 up to 5.3 per cent in 2016. In Latin America and the Caribbean, aggregate regional inflation has increased in 2014, driven by Argentina and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), but it is expected to recede moderately to 8.8 per cent in 2015.