Most information about its functions is derived from
treatment of cancer cellswithantibodydirectedagainst theCterminal
domain or N-terminal domain of GRP78. Treatment
of prostate cancer (1-LN, DU145) andmelanoma cells (A375),which express GRP78 on the cell surface, with antibody
directed against the C-terminal domain of GRP78, inhibited
cell proliferation and induced apoptosis by activating p53
and suppressing Ras/MAPK, PI3K/AKT signaling pathways
[14, 15]. Ligation of the cell surface GRP78 in teratoma cell
line (NCCIT) and breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) with antibody
directed against the N-terminal domain of GRP78 decreased
cell proliferation and cell adhesion by inhibiting
MAPK/PI3K signaling pathway [16, 17].