Central venous lines and their problems
1. CENTRALVENOUS LINESAND THEIRPROBLEMSBySunil Agrawal1styr ResidentPediatrics, IOM
2. CONTENT Introduction Indications and Contraindications Access to Different Great Vessels Complications Summary References
3. INTRODUCTION Central venous access is defined as placement ofa catheter such that the catheter is inserted intoa venous great vessel. The venous great vessels include the superiorvena cava, inferior vena cava, brachiocephalicveins, internal jugular veins, subclavian veins,iliac veins, and common femoral veins.2012, the American Society of Anesthesiologists, Inc. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.Anesthesiology 2012; 116:539–73
4. INDICATION FOR USE Limited vascular access Administration of highly osmotic or caustic fluidsor medications Frequent administration of blood and bloodproducts Frequent blood sampling Measurement of CVP Hemodialysis Hemofiltration Apheresis
5. CONTRAINDICATIONS Distorted Anatomy Infection at the Site of Access Proximal Vascular Injury Bleeding Disorders or Anticoagulation Combative Patients
6. CONTENTS OF THE TRIPLE LUMEN CENTRALLINE KIT.
7. STERILE TECHNIQUE We will not review sterile technique in depth here For the physician, sterile technique means wearing asurgical cap, procedure mask, sterile gown and sterilegloves. Sterile setup for the patient should begin withadequate skin preparation with a sterilizing solution(proviodine, chlorhexidine, etc.) in a large areasurrounding your procedure site. Place a large sterile sheet on the patient following thisand then isolate the procedural field with four to sixsterile towels. This will minimize infective complications of theprocedure.
8. SELDINGER TECHNIQUE1. Setup of Equipment and Sterile Preparation2. Landmarking the Access Site3. Anesthesia4. Location of the Vein with a Seeker Needle [Optional]5. Placing the Introducer Needle in the Vein6. Assessment for Venous or Arterial Placement7. Insertion of the Guide Wire8. Removal of the Introducer Needle9. Skin Incision10. Insertion of the Dilator11. Placement of the Catheter12. Removal of the Guide Wire13. Flushing and Capping of the Lumens14. Secure the Catheter
9. ACCESS TO DIFFERENT GREATVESSELS Internal jugular vein Subclavian vein Femoral vein Umbilical vein
10. INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN The right internal jugular vein (IJV) is the mostcommon site chosen for central venous access inpediatric cardiac surgery. It is large, and runs in close proximity superficialto the carotid artery along most of its length. The primary advantage of using the IJV is that itprovides a direct route to RA.
11. CATHETERIZATION: INTERNALJUGULAR APPROACH
12. The primary disadvantage comes from difficultyin cannulation in small infants, who have largeheads and short necks, and thus difficulty inobtaining the shallow angle of approachnecessary to access the vessel. This site is also not comfortable for some awakeinfants
13. TECHNIQUE Placing a small roll under the shoulders, usingsteep Trendelenburg position, and rotating thehead no more than 45◦ to the left. Recent studies have demonstrated that livercompression and simulated Valsalva maneuveralso increase the diameter of the IJV, possiblyincreasing the success rate of cannulation. An ultrasound technique should be used toclearly identify the course of the vessel
14. SUBCLAVIAN VEIN The subclavian vein is positioned immediatelybehind the medial third of the clavicle. Advantages of this route include the subclavianvein’s relatively constant position in all ages inreference to surface landmarks and the site iscomfortable for awake patient. Disadvantages include an incidence ofpneumothorax is high. Also in 5–20% of patient,subclavian catheters will enter the contralateralbrachiocephalic vein or ipsilateral IJV, instead ofthe SVC
15. CATHETERIZATION: SUBCLAVIANAPPROACH
16. TECHNIQUE Small rolled towel is positioned vertically betweenthe scapulae, steep Trendelenburg position used, andthe arms are restrained in neutral position at thepatient’s sides. The right subclavian vein should always be the firstchoice. Turn the head toward the side being punctured. The puncture site that is most successful is 1–2 cmlateral to the midpoint of the clavicle, directly lateralfrom the sternal notch, with the needle directed atthe sternal notch. Advancing the needle only during expiration isrecommended to minimize the risk of pneumothorax.
17. Complications during subclavian catheterizationoccur when a needle angle of incidence is toocephalad, resulting in arterial puncture, or tooposterior, resulting in pneumothorax. Advancing the needle too far in infants mayresult in puncture of the trachea.
18. FEMORAL VEIN The femoral vein has long been used for centralvenous catheterization in pediatric patients, withno greater infection or other complication ratecompared to other sites.
19. TECHNIQUE the patient is positioned with a rolled towelunder the hips for moderate extensio
Central venous lines and their problems1. CENTRALVENOUS LINESAND THEIRPROBLEMSBySunil Agrawal1styr ResidentPediatrics, IOM2. CONTENT Introduction Indications and Contraindications Access to Different Great Vessels Complications Summary References3. INTRODUCTION Central venous access is defined as placement ofa catheter such that the catheter is inserted intoa venous great vessel. The venous great vessels include the superiorvena cava, inferior vena cava, brachiocephalicveins, internal jugular veins, subclavian veins,iliac veins, and common femoral veins.2012, the American Society of Anesthesiologists, Inc. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.Anesthesiology 2012; 116:539–734. INDICATION FOR USE Limited vascular access Administration of highly osmotic or caustic fluidsor medications Frequent administration of blood and bloodproducts Frequent blood sampling Measurement of CVP Hemodialysis Hemofiltration Apheresis5. CONTRAINDICATIONS Distorted Anatomy Infection at the Site of Access Proximal Vascular Injury Bleeding Disorders or Anticoagulation Combative Patients6. CONTENTS OF THE TRIPLE LUMEN CENTRALLINE KIT.7. STERILE TECHNIQUE We will not review sterile technique in depth here For the physician, sterile technique means wearing asurgical cap, procedure mask, sterile gown and sterilegloves. Sterile setup for the patient should begin withadequate skin preparation with a sterilizing solution(proviodine, chlorhexidine, etc.) in a large areasurrounding your procedure site. Place a large sterile sheet on the patient following thisand then isolate the procedural field with four to sixsterile towels. This will minimize infective complications of theprocedure.8. SELDINGER TECHNIQUE1. Setup of Equipment and Sterile Preparation2. Landmarking the Access Site3. Anesthesia4. Location of the Vein with a Seeker Needle [Optional]5. Placing the Introducer Needle in the Vein6. Assessment for Venous or Arterial Placement7. Insertion of the Guide Wire8. Removal of the Introducer Needle9. Skin Incision10. Insertion of the Dilator11. Placement of the Catheter12. Removal of the Guide Wire13. Flushing and Capping of the Lumens14. Secure the Catheter9. ACCESS TO DIFFERENT GREATVESSELS Internal jugular vein Subclavian vein Femoral vein Umbilical vein10. INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN The right internal jugular vein (IJV) is the mostcommon site chosen for central venous access inpediatric cardiac surgery. It is large, and runs in close proximity superficialto the carotid artery along most of its length. The primary advantage of using the IJV is that itprovides a direct route to RA.11. CATHETERIZATION: INTERNALJUGULAR APPROACH12. The primary disadvantage comes from difficultyin cannulation in small infants, who have largeheads and short necks, and thus difficulty inobtaining the shallow angle of approachnecessary to access the vessel. This site is also not comfortable for some awakeinfants13. TECHNIQUE Placing a small roll under the shoulders, usingsteep Trendelenburg position, and rotating thehead no more than 45◦ to the left. Recent studies have demonstrated that livercompression and simulated Valsalva maneuveralso increase the diameter of the IJV, possiblyincreasing the success rate of cannulation. An ultrasound technique should be used toclearly identify the course of the vessel14. SUBCLAVIAN VEIN The subclavian vein is positioned immediatelybehind the medial third of the clavicle. Advantages of this route include the subclavianvein’s relatively constant position in all ages inreference to surface landmarks and the site iscomfortable for awake patient. Disadvantages include an incidence ofpneumothorax is high. Also in 5–20% of patient,subclavian catheters will enter the contralateralbrachiocephalic vein or ipsilateral IJV, instead ofthe SVC15. CATHETERIZATION: SUBCLAVIANAPPROACH16. TECHNIQUE Small rolled towel is positioned vertically betweenthe scapulae, steep Trendelenburg position used, andthe arms are restrained in neutral position at thepatient’s sides. The right subclavian vein should always be the firstchoice. Turn the head toward the side being punctured. The puncture site that is most successful is 1–2 cmlateral to the midpoint of the clavicle, directly lateralfrom the sternal notch, with the needle directed atthe sternal notch. Advancing the needle only during expiration isrecommended to minimize the risk of pneumothorax.17. Complications during subclavian catheterizationoccur when a needle angle of incidence is toocephalad, resulting in arterial puncture, or tooposterior, resulting in pneumothorax. Advancing the needle too far in infants mayresult in puncture of the trachea.
18. FEMORAL VEIN The femoral vein has long been used for centralvenous catheterization in pediatric patients, withno greater infection or other complication ratecompared to other sites.
19. TECHNIQUE the patient is positioned with a rolled towelunder the hips for moderate extensio
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