It is indisputable that society continually is looking to improve its health standards. A way to improve the standards can be achieved by establishing various public or private healthcare services. Nevertheless, consequences from the healthcare establishments are not always in parallel with the beneWts from the programs. Healthcare activities can lead to the generation of various types of wastes that may have adverse eVects on human health and on the environment.
There is particular concern about infection with human immunodeWciency virus (HIV) and hepatitis viruses B and C, for which there is strong evidence of transmission via healthcare waste